فصلنامه تاریخ اسلام
پیاپی 3 (پاییز 1379)

Member of the teaching staff in Al. Zahra university The lives of holy Prophet and Imams peace be upon them are full of points which can clarify most of fundamental policies in different scientific, gnostical, social, political and defensive fields. The careful and multilateral examintion of the holy prophet and Imams' lives peace be upon them, specially by using the new methode is one of the necessities of Islamic societies. One of the most important and crucial events in the early Islam, is the battle of Ahzab. The historians believe that this battle's role is very important in the history of Islam, because it was the last attack of enemies against muslem forces and it was, also, the climax of muslem's defnsive actions. But, what has not been taken into consideration in the historical sources, is the guidance and management of this crucial and important event. the holy prophet's management during this battle has different dimensions (aspect).By this article it has been tried to discuss one of the holy prophet's managerial measures, namely, digging the Ditch which is one of his military strategies. This article, of course, is not limeted only to the prophet's management during digging the Ditch, but complete reaping of the benefits of this defensive action is also discussed.

After capturing Maghreb, Moslems sought for more conquests in order to make the field ready to spread Islam more and more. The Moslems' readiness and appropriate circumstances prepared the arrangements for the spread of Islam in a vast area, called Andulus. And when Andulus was captured, Islam covered the whole area. At first, the rulers' peaceful polices and the Islamic solidarity led to the Moslems' dignity and honor. However, before long, tribal discrepancies and plitical unrests brought Andulus under the attack of Spans and Franks. The present article, based on original references, examines the above historical events from 711 to 755 A.D.

Member of the Encyclopedia of the world of Islam. Many historians have researched about Abbasides' rebellion, repeatedly, as one of the most important events of the early Islam. However,there are no convincing replies for numerous questions about this subject yet. And there are still a lot for the researchers to find out about in this regard. In this article, by introducing one of the greatest emissaries of this movement, Bokayr b. Mahan, It has been tried to examine the role of his guidance and leadership, more exactly, first in kufeh and then in khorasan. And after that it has been tried to acquaint the readers with the process of events according to the facts which the resources give us about the leadership and his special role (with an emphasis on the oldest sources). It should be mentioned, of course that, It is never possible to get correct and scientific information of a movement, by studying the story and the so-called heroes of the story. But in most cases these are the inferior supporters who play the basic role in a movement and determine its nature and its course. In additian unfortunately the old sources and traditional historiography have always avoided to recognize the numerous inferior people and have just paid attention to few famous and recognized characters. However, the writer does not want to clarify the nature of insurrection and examine its different aspects, but he tries to explaine some valuable points which can be obtained by following Bokayr's political life. By this article, the writer wishes to take the first step for a more serious research and examination.

Umayid expanded their conquests in the East, West and Rome. The west territory was in an unrest for a century and was exchanged among the Umayids, Abbasides and kharijites and their agents. When Aghalebe came to power in Africa, the quarrels subsided and this territory began to develope and flourish. The immigrant Arabs get married to Barbarians, the native people of that territory, turned into african arabs. And a new generation, culture and life appeared influenced by Islam, tribal custom and regional conditions. Mohammad Zynham Mohammad Azb, who has revised the book "Tarikh-e Mamlekat Al-Aghalebe" which is written by b. verdan, has added an introduction and some marginal notes to it.

Member of the Teaching Staff in Tehran teacher training university. The present article is a translation of the 22nd chapter of "Etremist Shiites", written by Matta Mousa, published in the United States in 1982. Half of the mentioned book is about the history, and ideas of Nosiri Sect, one of Shiites Extremist sects. Discussing the history of the sect, the author careflly examines the historical changes of the sect in four chapters, namely: Nosirian in the preliminary period, Nosirian in the middle age, Nosirian in the period of France Colony, and finally, Nosirian coming to power in Syria. In the present article, which is about the preliminary history of Nosirian, the author has started with a brief introducrion about the importance of consideration of Nosiran by current writers from East and West, because of their coming to power in syria (initated by Hafiz Asad), The author has also explained about the locations in which Nosirain live now. Then the quality of Nosirian's appearance and their prelimimary history are discussed. Then, the article, after a critical presention of the views about the Denamination of this sect, ascribes its presence to an Iranian, called Mohammad b. Nosair, (died in 270 A.H) who had apparently been a follower of Imam Hasan Asgary (the 11th shiite leader p.b.u.h.). It has also been mentioned that the position of Mohammad b. Nosair, has been exaggerated.

This article discusses the presence of Imamiyah - Shiism in Islamic society. The discussion, especially, gives careful consideration to the relation of Imamie religion with All-e Booiye, Furtheremore the article examines the reasons of the change in All-e Booyes religion from Zeydi to Imamiyah and how this change is related to Shiite authorities - Fatemian, Ghermatian, Yaman's Zeidian - of that days. The geograghical expansion and development of Imamiyah - Shiism religion is, also, one of the questions which is discussed. The Shiite's ways of growth and development, cultural expansion of Imamiyah - Shiism and its affiliated forces are from the necessaries of this discussion. The Shiite's customs, cultural and religious thinkers, the obstacles in the way of progress and the things that smoothed the way of progress are talked about during this discussion. It has been tried to use the Sunnite and Shiite's main sources, similarily, in order to derive logical conclusions. It should be noted, also, that in this articte the Imamiyah - Shiite's histotrical evolution has been considered, and the theological process has been left out for a more detailed discussion. The author has tried to separate these two subjects wihch are the characterists of most of the contemporany Shiite's researches in order to derive explicit and obvious conclusions.

The process of the transformation in the Ismaili sect and its interal branches can be very helpful in studying Ismaili's position taking against its opponents. The climax of the mentioned process coincides with Crusades during the eleventh and twelfth centuries. The hostility of Shiism against Ismaili has an idiological basis, however Sunni's general enmity towards Ismaili, in addition to its idiological basis, may also be examined from political point of view. Because the two popular supporters of Sunnis, namely Abbassid Caliphate and seljuki Dynasty were threatened by two fronts: first, the mighty Alawite rule in Egypt and second, the military and political rule in Alamout. The first one competed with Abbasids for seizing the power and the second agitated Saljuki's realm. The position of the Nazaris Branch of Ismaili in regard with Crusades was detrmined by the mentioned circumstances. The Nazaris, as a political and military minority in Damascus, had to balance rheir relations with their Christian and Saljuki counterparst in order to maintian their position